Supporting information

First, the specific experimental procedures were introduced. Then, the relevant calculations and formulas of SLR were explained in detail. Subsequently, supplementary data figures were provided: Figure S1 shows the LSV curves under different pulse counts, Figure S2 presents the research progress of BFO photoelectric cathode performance, Figure S3 displays the IPCE diagrams under different test voltages, and Figure S4 supplements the comparison of LSV curves of CBO and Fe2O3 before and after TPT treatment. Figure S5 compares the SPV test results of TPT treatment and deposited films, and Figure S6 shows the XPS spectra of Bi and Fe elements.