Supplementary Materials

Neural network structure and training for diffractive optical neural network (DONN) simulation using PyTorch on Iris dataset, including three-layer architecture, Fresnel diffraction modeling, and training/test curves (Figure S1); ablation study showing PNA-based model accuracy (91.1-95.6%) versus ablated models (24.4-35.6%) across 1-5 layers (Figure S2); fabrication process for PNA-based photonic neurons using SOI substrates, electron-beam lithography, dry etching, and CVD filling.