Supplementary Material

The supplementary materials include an extension of the Materials and Methods section, which details the characterization of LRC samples, microscopic visualization experiments for observing interfacial interactions, and emulsion droplet size measurements. Supplemental figures (S1-S8) provide additional data, including the particle size distribution of the coal sample (Fig. S1), SEM/EDS analysis of the LRC surface morphology and composition (Fig. S2), functional group analysis of LRC (Fig. S3), the surface and interfacial tension measurement system (Fig. S4), snapshots and force curves during surface and interface tension measurement (Fig. S5), variations in surface and interfacial tensions with nanoparticle concentrations at a fixed AEO-7 concentration of 0.2 wt.% (Fig. S6), microscopic images and size distributions of EDs stabilized by AEO-7 (0.2 wt.%) combined with NPs at concentrations ranging from 0.0 to 4.0 wt.% (Fig. S7), and temporal stability of ED droplet sizes over 5 hours for emulsions with varying NPs concentrations (Fig. S8).