Zero-Field Skyrmion Creation via Surface Acoustic Waves

Methods: Experimental details, MOKE image processing, Edge Nucleation method for DMI measurement, Topological Hall measurements, Brillouin Light Scattering, FFT analysis. Poisson ratios of the constituent layers of the multilayer; The frequency response measurement (a) transmission: left to right (S12) and right to left (S21) and (b) Reflection: left (S11) and right (S22) with an input power of -10 dBm; The MOKE hysteresis loop before and after annealing of the same heterostructure; A magnetic hysteresis loop using Kerr microscopy shows MOKE images of dimension 92 μm×92 μm at different points along the loop with and without SAW; Number and polarity of skyrmions as a function of applied field, showing the regions of the hysteresis loop where skyrmions are present.; Skyrmion number ∆N as a function of time for different SAW voltages for R→L propagating SAW; The FFT analysis showing the process details; The intensity of FFT signal along k_x and k_y at t=200 s with and without SAW. Log(intensity) variation along the azimuthal direction φ of the FFT with and without SAW; Temperature as a function of time without and with SAW at 2.9 V for SW, L→R, and R→L propagating SAW.